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Abstracts from Recent Issues: Vol. 26, No 3,4,
November 1999
 Developing
Effective Waste Minimization Clubs: A Case Study from the Midlands of England
Effect
of Landfill Leachated on Native grass Species of Eastern Washington State
USA
Review
of Applications of High Solids Anaerobic Digestion to Solid Waste Management
Utilization
of Biowaste Solids by Extracting Volatile Fatty Acids with Subsequent
Conversion to Methane and Manure
Pollution
Prevention Incentives for Marine Maintenance and Repair Industries
Assessment
of Environmental Impacts generated by Coal Solid residues
Anaerobic
Capacity of Solid Pulp and Paper Mill Waste
Polish
Made Pyrolytic Convective Waste Utilizer of Wps Type Structure
,Principle of Of Evaluation-Problems of Residue Management After Thermal
Waste Utilization
Developing Effective Waste Minimization
Clubs: A Case Study from the Midlands of England
Paul S Philips, Karen Pike, Margaret P.Bates
School of Environmental Science
University College of Northampton,Park Campus
Northampton NN2 7Al,UK
Adam D Read
Dept. Of Geography
Kingston University
Penrhyn Road,Kingston -upon-Thames
Surrey Kt1 2EE,UK
ABSTRACT
The UK waste strategy is based upon the central concept of the hierarchy
of preferable options for the treatment and disposal of waste.Minimisation
is placed at the top of the hierarchy and the Government seeks to encourage
its uptake.Approximately 60 regional minimization clubs have been set up,in
the UK since the early 1990s.Not all clubs have been successful,a significant
number have failed to run to completion or meet their planned objectives
and rarely are sufficient data made available for a cost-benfit analysis.The
East Midlands has a diverse economy with a relatively large proportion
of Small to Medium Enterprise(MSE) .The Northamptonshire Resource Efficiency
Project is an example of a club which was designed to be highly cost-effective
and to develop a culture of waste minimization in the county.Its success
has been based upon a management partnership that includes a local
higher Education Institution which is in a unique position to offer wide
ranging expertise.Such a partnership stands as a model for future cost-effective
waste minimization developments worldwide.
Key Words: National Waste Strategy, Minimisation, Municipal Solid Waste,
Project Clubs, East Midlands, Northamptonshire Resource Efficiency Project
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Effect of Landfill Leachated on Native grass
Species of Eastern Washington State USA
Philip L. Thompson, David J. Murphy Po-hsiang Chang, John Harmsen
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engg.
Seattle University
900 Broadwasy-Room E524
Seattle Washington 98122
ABSTRACT
This project assessed the survivability
of different grass species that were candidates for a vegetative landfill
cover in Wenatchee Washington.Five species of native grasses were tested:Sheep
Fescue,Nezpar Ricegrass,Secar Bluebunch,Joseph Idaho Fescue and Critana
Thick spike Wheatgrass.landfill Leachate nutrient enhanced model water
and anaerobic ally digested municipal wastewater sludge were evaluated
for their effects on seedling germination and growth.Experiments revealed
that leach ate did not significantly hinder the germination or growth of
the species tested and can be used as a possible water source for cover
vegetation.A .dasystachyum A.spicatum,F.idahensis,F.ovina adn O.hymenoides
all performed well in unfertilized and nutrient enhanced soils.Sludge amendments
significantly (p<0.05) hindered seedling germination of most and the
initial growth of all species tested ,however the grasses grew one they
had sprouted.
Key Words: landfill, vegetative cover, irrigation, leachate, toxicity,
sludge.
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Review of Applications of High Solids Anaerobic
Digestion to Solid Waste Management
N.Hamzawi, K.J.Kennedy, D.D. McLean
Dept.Of Chemical Engg.
University of Ottawa
Ottawa Ontario,Canada
ABSTRACT
While composting is viewed as a major contributor to achieving solid
waste reduction goals for residential and commercial waste,it is recognized
that traditional aerobic composting presents challenges which must be overcome
if large scale composting is to be accepted in large urban communities.These
challenges include requirements for a large amount of land,long gestation
periods for handling,digestion an during and solutions for numerous process
control issues(eg leachate entering groundwatermnoise and dust odors and
sensitivity to climatic conditions.
Anaerobic digesting in contrast to aerobic composting does not require
air and still generates a product that has approximately the same solid
amendment value per unit weight as that produced in aerobic process.While
the anaerobic process may not generate the same quantity of heat this can
be offset by the production of methane gas.The potential for energy recovery
in anaerobic processes has been promoted as a solution to energy problems
in many industries in addition to producing greater amounts of humic materials
than those generated by aerobic composting processes.
In recent decades several developments have occurred which have greatly
increased the energy efficiency and attractiveness of anaerobic waste treatment
processes.Research groups throughout the world have developed anaerobic
reactors to treat wastes in an efficient economical and environmentally
acceptable way.Full scale implementations of these developments have met
with success and competitive installations continue to take advantage of
the new tech. This paper presents a review of the state of the art of high
solid anaerobic digestion.
Key Words: Municipal Solid Waste, Sewage Sludge, Anaerobic Digestion.
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Utilization of Biowaste Solids by Extracting
Volatile fatty Acids with
Subsequent Conversion to Methane and Manure
E.V.Ramasamy , S.A. Abbasi
Center for Pollution & Energy Technology
Pondichery Central Univ.
Kalapet Pondicherry-605 014
INDIA
ABSTRACT
The aquatic weed water hyacinth was aerobically fermented in 'acid
-phase' reactors to generate volatile acids(VFA).The reactors were continuously
stirred tanks seeded with partly digested cow dung slurry and operated
under conditions conducive for acidogenic and acitogenic bacteria.The VFA
were then converted to methane in upflow anaerobic filter(UAF) reactors
seeded with a consortia of methanogenic bacteria.The slurry of the spent
weed ensuing from the acid phase reactor's was vermicomposted to generate
manure.
The gist of the findings is :
1.Chopped hyacinth yielded more VFA on aerobic fermentation than
whole plants.
2.the overall VFA yield from the aerobic digesters was higher if the
VFA were taken out of the digester everyday than when they were not
3.the UAF reactor at steady state removed 55-60% of the feed COD and
generated biogas at the rate of 0.38 m3 kg-1 VS d-1
Key Words: Anaerobic digestion,Volatile fatty acids, Biowaste, Water
hyacinth, Vermicomposting
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Pollution Prevention Incentives for Marine
Maintenance and Repair Industries
Mujde Erten Unal , Joseph M. Marchello
Dept. of Civil and Envrn. Engg
Old Dominion Univ,Kaufman Hall
Norfolk VA-23529-0241
USA
Rochelle K. Young
Assistant Professor
Lockheed Marine Engineering Management Program
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder CO -80309-0433
USA
Heather Robinson
Engineer
Norfolk Housing and Redevelopment Authority
201 Granby Street
Norfolk VA-23510
USA
ABSTRACT
This study illustrates the effectiveness of an innovative partnership
formed between an institution of higher education and a municipal wastewater
treatment district and reports the results of pollution prevention/waste
minimization assessments performed on four marine maintenance and repair
industries.
The partnership provided local marine maintenance business with on-site
technical consolation on waste reduction.Industry profiles were prepared
to identify the facility services and pollution prevention opportunites.At
each facility material usage,waste generation and waste minimization recommendations
were determined.Financial analysis of alternatives for reducing pollution
and waste were used to show cost savings.The proposed waste minimization
recommendations included loss prevention,good housekeeping paint and steel
recycling,solvent recycling,waste segregation and the installation of an
aerosol recovery system.
The pay back of an aerosol recovery system recommended for Company
A was less than 2 months.Annual cost savings from raw materials purchases
and waste disposal costs ranged from $9000 to $20,000.
Working together the partnership contributed to providing comprehensive
pollution prevention services for specific marine maintenance facilities
and helped developing information and resources that are now available
to all area marine maintenance and repair operations.
Key Words: Pollution prevention,marine maintenance and repair industry,
shipyards, source reduction and waste management.
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Assessment of Environmental Impacts generated
by Coal Solid Residues
A.Aguero , L.F. Alonso
CIEMAT Dept. de Impacto Ambiental de la Energia
Avda Complutense 22.28040
Madrid Spain
V Cortes, C.Fernandez
AICIA Dept de Ingenieria Quimicia y mbiental
Universidad de Sevilla
Camino de los Descubrimientios s/n 41092 Seville
Spain
R.Little, A.Venter
QuantiSci Ltd, Chiltern House
45 Station Road,Henley-on-Thames
Oxfordshire RG9 1 AT,UK
ABSTRACT
Utilitzation of coal produces a variety of solid residues.The environmental
impacts of coal-use residues have been fully recognized only in the last
few decades.CIEMAT has developed and tested a methodology based on the
SACO methodology previously developed by QuantiSci and CIEMAT that i considered
to be appropriate for assessing an comparing reuse and disposal strategies
of solid residues generated from the coal flue cycle.The first phase of
the development consisted of a review of solid residues produced in the
coal fuel cycle identifying contaminants that may influence management
options for the residue from a physical and chemical point of view.management
options as well as the environmental impacts associated with the reuse
and disposal of the residues were then analyzed and a review of previously
developed assessment methods were done.Second and third phases of the work
involved the development and testing of a methodology framework to assess
the environmental impacts of solid residues from real cases.
Key Words: Environmental Impacts, Fly Ashes, Reuse, Disposal, Assessment
Methodology.
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Anaerobic Capacity of Solid Pulp and Paper
Mill Waste
Thomas G.Tornabene, Madhuri Ganta
School of Biology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta GA 30332-0230
Keshav C. Das
School of Biology & Agricultural Engineering
University of Georgia
Athens GA 30602-4435
Frank D Wohrely
Environmental Dept
Weyerhaeuser Po Box 238
Oglethorpe GA 31068
ABSTRACT
Aqueous suspensions of solid paper mill waste fortified with nitrogen
supplements were effectively biodegraded into CO2 and CH4
under
anaerobic conditions with the major portion of the gas production occurring
within 25-30 days. The process was operated as a batch culture seeded with
mesophilic methanogenic granular sludge.NH4Cl, NH4NO3
or
Urea at initial C:N ratios 125:1, 125:1 or 150:1 respectively supported
the best bioconversion rates.Other nitrogen sources at higher and lower
concentration as well as mixtures of nitrogen salts and trace minerals
supplements were less effective in promoting methanogenesis and substrate
reduction.Digesters supplemented with NH4Cl urea or NH4NO3
produced and average 100 L, 95 L or 77 L of CH4kg of organic
solid waste respectivelly.The potential commercial value of the methane
gas produced was calculated to be an average of $315 per ton of organic
content of the solid waste or $150 per ton of the total solid waste.
Key Words: methane, anaerobic, biodegradation, cellulosic material,
paper mill waste, solid pulp
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Polish Made Pyrolytic Convective Waste Utilizer
of Wps Type Structure ,Principle of Operation and Evaluation Problems
of Residue Management After Thermal Waste Utilization
Tadeusz Piecuch, Tomas Dabrowski, Tadeusz Hryniewicz, Waldemar Zuchowicki
Politechnika Kozalinska
Raclawicka 15-17
PL 75-620 Kozalin Poland
ABSTRACT
This paper is concerned with solid waste utilizatin in the specially
made for this purpose Pyrolytic Convective Waste Utilizer(PCWU) of WPS
Type, a technology which may be in essential way helpful in getting
rid of a very noxious wastes.A family of the PCWU WPS utilizer is presented
dependent on the amount of wastes and operations capacities required.The
discussed PCWU WPS type utilizer was tested in several areas of Poland
by different users.The paper presents structural composition ,principal
of operation of the PCWU WPS and then aims at analyzing flue gases and
eluates coming form the epyrolytic rendering waste harmless.Th eprimary
studies were carried out to determine the most important indicators of
pollution in the eluate flowing out of the waste layer after pyrolytic
decomposition on the samples taken from the WPS Type Utilizer operating
near Gdansk and at Tczew.The comparative study of secondary wastes obtained
after thermal decomposition without oxygen access i presented.The detailed
study results of utilization an neturalizatin of secondary wastes coming
from the WPS are also included.The studies covered 3 groups of secondary
wastes coming from WPS:
-
acrylic paint waste
-
phtalic paint wastes
-
plastic wastes
The studies were carried out in 3 stages:
-
covering the studies of eluated outflowing from the layer of secondary
wastes
-
covering the studies of compression strength of cobble stones
-
covering the studies of water extracts from cobble stones
In the paper the authors present comparative direct cost analyze of thermal
waste liquidation using classical method in comparison with pyrolytic method.The
paper delivers also the authors own evaluation of the PCWU of WPS type
with indication of the possibility for its broader application.
Key Words: Solid waste utilizer, pyrolytic incineration, flue gas analysis,
eulate, cementation,comparative evaluation.
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